Green and Sustainable Access to Thiazoles and Benzothiazoles: The Promising Role of Some Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v13i1.1494Keywords:
Thiazoles, Nanocatalyst, Heterocyclic compounds, Sustainable environment, Green ChemistryAbstract
Thiazole and benzothiazole structural frameworks have long been regarded as privileged heterocyclic frameworks in medicinal chemistry, as they form the basis for a diverse range of commercially available drugs with varying biological activities. Conventional synthesis methods, such as the Hantzsch reaction, have paved the way for synthesizing thiazole and benzothiazole derivatives; however, many of these methods involve toxic reagents, significant amounts of waste, or have unwanted reaction conditions that compromise the principles of green chemistry. This comprehensive review will critically and comprehensively assess the expanding and developing role of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) as efficient and sustainable heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of thiazole and benzothiazole derivatives. Metal oxide nanoparticles, including ZnO, CuO, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, ZrO₂, and Bi₂O₃, have a high surface area, thermal stability, tunable acidity and basicity, and are easily separated and reused, making them ideal for green synthesis. The review emphasizes their successful implementation into one-pot, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), which are atom-economic and convergent. Their key advances are reported, mainly the extraordinary efficiency of ZnO NPs, which reaches 93% in 7.0 minutes, as well as their magnet separability of Fe₂O₃ NPs, making catalyst recovery convenient, and their synergistic effect on nanocomposites like Fe₃O₄@SiO₂.TiO₂. The review concludes that nano catalysis, especially with MONPs, is a strong, green chemistry framework that overcomes the challenges of classical methods in preparing these important heterocycles.
Received: 2025-10-02
Revised: 202511--17
Accepted: 2025-12-05
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