Association between the Demographic Characteristics of Patients and the Severity of COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v10i2.1093Abstract
The relationship between obesity and COVID-19 is controversial. In addition, the disease’s relationship to sex and re-infection is not fully understood. This study investigated the demographic characteristics of 120 patients in the age range from 27 to 70 years old, without chronic disease, who were infected with COVID-19 and treated at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Thi-Qar Province/Southern of Iraq. In this study, the male increased non-significantly than female 55.83% 44.17% respectively. The infected females had a higher BMI (29.1 ± 6.07kg/m2) than males (26.7 ± 5.99 kg/m2); 12.5% of the male patients and 0.83% of the female patients were previously infected with COVID-19; and 12.5% of the patients and 7.5% of female patients were previously vaccinated against COVID-19. The study noted a positive relationship between BMI and disease severity in both male and female patients and that males had a higher percentage of severe disease than females. The study identified age and BMI had association with disease severity, that COVID-19 occurred more in males than females, and that 80% of patients were not vaccinated against COVID-19.
References
M. K. Oudha, “Effect of different COVID-19 vaccines on some biomarkers in diabetics,” Univ. Thi-Qar J. Sci., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 127–131, 2023.
E. Normandin et al., “High-depth sequencing characterization of viral dynamics across tissues in fatal COVID-19 reveals compartmentalized infection,” Nat. Commun., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 574, 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34256-y.
N. M. Otuonye et al., “Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Lagos, Nigeria: A Descriptive Study,” J. Natl. Med. Assoc., vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 301–306, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.11.011.
S. Krome, “Clinical features of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan,” Pneumologie, vol. 74, no. 10, p. 644, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L633109811&from=export%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202003-0543OC
S. L. Au Yeung, S. Luo, and K. O. Kwok, “Actionable targets to reduce COVID-19 severity,” Nat. Metab., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 195–196, 2023, doi: 10.1038/s42255-023-00743-9.
F. B. Mayr, V. B. Talisa, A. D. Castro, O. S. Shaikh, S. B. Omer, and A. A. Butt, “COVID-19 disease severity in US Veterans infected during Omicron and Delta variant predominant periods,” Nat. Commun., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 3647, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31402-4.
A. Simonnet et al., “High Prevalence of Obesity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation,” Obesity, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1195–1199, 2020, doi: 10.1002/oby.22831.
T. M. Kistner, B. K. Pedersen, and D. E. Lieberman, “Interleukin 6 as an energy allocator in muscle tissue,” Nat. Metab., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 170–179, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00538-4.
C. Qin et al., “Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 71, no. 15, pp. 762–768, 2020, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa248.
A. Nasi et al., “Reactive oxygen species as an initiator of toxic innate immune responses in retort to SARS-CoV-2 in an ageing population, consider N-acetylcysteine as early therapeutic intervention,” Toxicol. Reports, vol. 7, no. May, pp. 768–771, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.003.
P. Conti and A. Younes, “Coronavirus cov-19/sars-cov-2 affects women less than men: Clinical response to viral infection,” J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 339–343, 2020, doi: 10.23812/Editorial-Conti-3.
F. Caramelo, N. Ferreira, and B. Oliveiros, “Estimation of risk factors for COVID-19 mortality - preliminary results,” MedRxiv, vol. 19, pp. 2020–02, 2020.
H. J. Rho, H. Brown, and S. Fremstad, “A basic demographic profile of workers in frontline industries - Center for Economic and Policy Research,” Cent. Econ. policy Res., vol. 7, no. April, pp. 1–10, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://cepr.net/a-basic-demographic-profile-of-workers-in-frontline-industries/
M. É. Czeisler et al., “Public Attitudes, Behaviors, and Beliefs Related to COVID-19, Stay-at-Home Orders, Nonessential Business Closures, and Public Health Guidance — United States, New York City, and Los Angeles, May 5–12, 2020,” MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., vol. 69, no. 24, pp. 751–758, 2020, doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e1.
A. Borghesi and R. Maroldi, “COVID-19 outbreak in Italy: experimental chest X-ray scoring system for quantifying and monitoring disease progression,” Radiol. Medica, vol. 125, no. 5, pp. 509–513, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11547-020-01200-3.
E. S. Lau et al., “Sex differences in inflammatory markers in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: Insights from the MGH COVID-19 patient registry,” PLoS One, vol. 16, no. 4 April, pp. 1–9, 2021, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250774.
M. W. Tenforde et al., “Association between mRNA Vaccination and COVID-19 Hospitalization and Disease Severity,” JAMA - J. Am. Med. Assoc., vol. 326, no. 20, pp. 2043–2054, 2021, doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.19499.
Y. Arslan, F. Akgul, B. Sevim, Z. S. Varol, and S. Tekin, “Re-infection in COVID-19: Do we exaggerate our worries?,” Eur. J. Clin. Invest., vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1–10, 2022, doi: 10.1111/eci.13767.
B. J. Schmiedel et al., “HHS Public Access,” vol. 175, no. 6, pp. 1701–1715, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.022.Impact.
A. L. Fink, K. Engle, R. L. Ursin, W. Y. Tang, and S. L. Klein, “Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 115, no. 49, pp. 12477–12482, 2018, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1805268115.
D. Furman et al., “Systems analysis of sex differences reveals an immunosuppressive role for testosterone in the response to influenza vaccination,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 869–874, 2014, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321060111.
R. S. Mustafa Alwani, Aksam Yassin, Raed M. Al‐Zoubi1, Omar M. Aboumarzouk6, Joanne Nettleship, Daniel Kelly, Ahmad R. AL‐Qudimat, “Sex‐based differences in severity and mortality in COVID‐19,” Rev Med Virol, vol. 31, no. 6, p. E2223, 2021.
A. Cavanaugh, K. Spicer, D. Thoroughman, C. Glick, and K. Winter, “Reduced Risk of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 After COVID-19 Vaccination,” Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., vol. 70, no. 32, pp. 1081–1083, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/pdfs/mm7032e1-H.pdf
M. Z. Islam, B. K. Riaz, S. A. Akbar Ashrafi, S. Farjana, S. S. Efa, and M. A. Khan, “Severity of COVID-19 reinfection and associated risk factors: findings of a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh,” medRxiv, no. 1, p. 2021.12.26.21268408, 2022, [Online]. Available: http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2022/01/01/2021.12.26.21268408.abstract
W. Deng et al., “Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques,” Science (80-. )., vol. 369, no. 6505, pp. 818–823, 2020, doi: 10.1126/science.abc5343.
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2023 University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
