University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science
University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science (UTJsci), the official journal of the College of Science, University of Thi-Qar is devoted to the pure sciences of Chemistry, Physics, Biology and Geology fields of knowledge. UTJsci has P-ISSN: 1991-8690 and E-ISSN: 2709-0256.
The relationship between TLR4 gene polymorphism (rs7873784) and urinary tract infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria among Iraqi patients
Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that identifies pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) molecules found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between functional gene polymorphisms (TLR4-rs7873784) and susceptibility to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in urinary tract infections (UTIs). A total of 350 urine samples were collected from males and females aged 10–75 years at Al-Rifae General Hospital in Thi-Qar province, southern Iraq, between July 2022 and January 2023. All bacterial isolates were identified biochemically and by VITEK-2 system then confirmed with 16SrRNA gene. Resistance genes were detected using bacterial colonies in a PCR test. Tetra-ARMS-PCR was used to detect TLR4 gene polymorphism (rs7873784).150 samples (42.9%) showed positive bacterial growth, while 200 samples (57.1%) were culture-negative. The samples that were positive for bacterial growth were 150 samples, including 30 XDR samples, 20 sensitive to antibiotics, and 100 MDR samples, pathogens isolated MDR included Escherichia coli (44%), Staphylococcus aureus (33%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%), and Proteus mirabilis (13%). Regarding resistance genes: BlaCTX-M was detected in 81.8% of E. coli, 100% of K. pneumoniae, and 30.8% of P. mirabilis; BlaSHV in 29.5% of E. coli, and 100% of both K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis; BlaAMPC in 90.9% of E. coli, 100% of K. pneumonia, and 30.8% of P. mirabilis; and BlaTEM in all Gram-negative isolates.
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The determination of some hormonal imbalance in the women with PCOS and verifying their effect on calcium homeostasis
Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common endocrinopathy in reproductive-aged women, associated with metabolic dysfunction influencing mineral metabolism and calcium regulatory pathway and affecting bone health. Thus, this study conducted to pinpoint specific hormonal abnormalities in PCOS women and to elevate their correlation with calcium homeostasis markers. A hundred specimen recruited from Iraqi women (50 PCOS patient and 50 serving as a control group (aged 18-40 years old). PCOS group was diagnosed according to standard Rotterdam criteria and were compared with controls without PCOS compatible in age and BMI. Blood samples were collected to quantify E2, LH, FSH, P.TH, Ca2+, and total testosterone by using hormone’s analyzer Addendum-Mini VIDAS apparatus (VIDAS) 12 mode l0, 1992. The PCOS group demonstrated higher LH, testosterone and calcium levels (4.96 ± 1.00) (0.64 ± 0.17) (10.37 ± 0.86) respectively, with decreased E2 and P.TH (55.12 ± 14.67) (25.08 ± 4.54) respectively when compared with control group, while FSH remained statistically unchanged. The data revealed a robust positive calcium-E2 correlation and an inverse E2-testesterone correlation implying a potential link between calcium homeostasis and ovarian steroidogenesis.
TORCH Infection during Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review from Diagnosis to Treatment
TORCH is a group of pathogens that can infect a pregnant woman and subsequently transmit the infection to the fetus. These include the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and other pathogens such as Treponema pallidum, parvovirus B19, rubella, Human cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus. TORCH infections are among the most significant risks to fetal development, leading to congenital malformations and other complications transmitted from the mother and causes congenital malformations. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of TORCH infection, including diagnostic methods, such as serological tests, PCR, and ultrasound imaging, to detect fetal malformations such as cerebral calcifications, hydrocephalus, and organ enlargement. The review also explained the treatment used for this infection, If a mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine is used with folic acid to treat, while the vaccine is used before pregnancy for the purpose of preventing German infection, as for CMV infection, acyclovir or ganciclovir is usually used, while penicillin is the treatment for Treponema pallidum. This review focuses on the clinical manifestations on the clinical manifestations of TORCH infection as a cause of congenital malformations in fetuses, presents the most important methods that can be used for accurate diagnosis, compares the protocols used for treating each infection in this group, and evaluates methods of prevention.
Tuning the Electronic and Chemical Properties of Graphene Quantum Dots via CO2 Adsorption: Insights from DFT Calculations
The effects of edge modification with carbon dioxide (CO2) on the electronic and structural properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are analyzed in this work with density functional theory. Pristine GQDs and GQDs with one to four AC molecules edge modification are examined for their energetic and chemical properties. The study reveals a substantial reduction in the energy gap through CO2 edge modification, with a minimum of 91.2% energy gap reduction for GQDs modified with four CO2 molecules. Changes to the bandgap modulated the Fermi level, highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies, showing the electronic properties of GQDs could be tuned by edge engineering. Furthermore, global chemical descriptors (ionization potential, electronic affinity, chemical hardness, and electrophilicity) at the edge modification were all notably affected. Edge modification with CO2 was found to increase electrophilicity and lower chemical hardness, resulting in GQDs exhibiting higher inherent activity and greater electron-accepting ability. The results presented in this study demonstrate that edge modification again CO2 provides a powerful vehicle for tuning the electronic and chemical behavior of GQDs and suggest the use of GQDs as an advanced candidate for electronics and sensing at the nanoscale.
Phyto-Mediated Route for Nickel Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Microtrichia perotitii DC Extract: Characterization and Antibacterial Activity
The growing demand for sustainable nanomaterials has intensified interest in green synthesis routes utilizing plant-derived biomolecules as reducing and stabilizing agents. This study reports, for the first time, the biosynthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) using Microtrichia perotitii DC leaf extract, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, and saponins. Nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate served as the metal precursor, while the phytochemicals facilitated both nanoparticle formation and stabilization. The synthesized NiO NPs were comprehensively characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). XRD analysis confirmed the formation of crystalline nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 24 nm and a cubic bunsenite phase. FTIR spectroscopy revealed a characteristic Ni-O stretching vibration at 651 cm⁻¹, confirming successful NiO formation. SEM imaging showed irregular, agglomerated nanostructures, while TG/DTA analysis demonstrated good thermal stability with major decomposition occurring at 473°C, attributed to the removal of phytochemical residues. Antibacterial assays demonstrated strong inhibitory effects of the biosynthesized NiO NPs, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis (18.8 ± 0.6 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.6 ± 0.4 mm) at 100 µg/mL concentration. Although the activity was slightly lower than ciprofloxacin (5 µg/disc: 22.4 ± 0.5 mm and 23.1 ± 0.43 mm, respectively), it indicates significant antibacterial potential. Gram-negative strains exhibited comparatively lower sensitivity, likely due to their protective outer membrane barrier.
Molecular Detection of Babesia bovis Isolated from Cows in Thi-Qar Province
The present study was designed to determine the bovar2A gene in Babesia bovis Thus gene encodes a variant erythrocyte surface antigen that is unique to B. bovis was detected in the blood of infected cows in Thi-Qar province during the period of February to June 2019. A total of 96 blood samples were collected from the cows of both sexes. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)is used to detect the bovar2A gene in Babesial infection status in cows. The PCR was used to distinguish Babesia bovis with a high level of sensitivity, capable to detection every species of B. bovis, and no evidence of non-specific amplification. The PCR results showed the bovar2A gene was harbored in 64 of 96 samples (66.66%) of Babesia bovis. The current study concluded that the bovar2A gene is useful for diagnosing B. bovis and the rising incidence of the disease in southern Iraq.
The Association between TLR4 Gene Polymorphism (TLR4-Rs11536889 G/C) and Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria among Iraqi Patients
This current study investigated the association between functional gene polymorphisms Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4 rs11536889) and susceptibility to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs). A total of 350 urine samples were collected from male and female patients aged 10 to 75 years at Al-Rifae General Hospital in Thi-Qar province, southern Iraq, between July 2022 and January 2023 .All bacterial isolates were identified biochemically and by the VITEK-2 system. All isolates were then confirmed with the 16S rRNA gene and resistance genes were detected using bacterial colonies in a PCR test. Tetra-ARMS-PCR was used to detect TLR4 gene polymorphism (rs11536889). Of these, 150 samples (42.9%) showed positive bacterial growth, while 200 samples (57.1%) were culture-negative. The samples that were positive for bacterial growth were 150 samples, including 30 XDR samples, 20 sensitive to antibiotics, and 100 MDR samples Pathogens isolated from MDR samples included Escherichia coli (44%), Staphylococcus aureus (33%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%), and Proteus mirabilis (13%). Genotypic analysis of the TLR4 rs11536889 single nucleotide polymorphism SNP (TLR4 rs11536889) indicated that individuals carrying the homozygous CC and heterozygous GC genotypes exhibited a significantly increased risk of developing MDR UTIs, suggesting a potential role for this SNP (TLR4 rs11536889) in host susceptibility to infection, therefore, this polymorphism may serve as a valuable genetic biomarker for the early diagnosis of UTI susceptibility and could contribute to personalized therapeutic approaches, helping to identify individuals at greater risk for resistant infections and to guide appropriate preventive or treatment strategies.
Gene polymorphism, Multiple drug resistance, TLR4
DFT Study of Cu₂O/Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Interacting with Zn and ZnS
Copper oxide (I)/carbon-based nanomaterials have a great attention nowadays due to their potential in electronic and thermoelectric applications. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) was applied using the B3LYP hybrid function and the B3LYP 6-31G basis set to study the properties of (6Cu2O/C17) and (4Cu2O/C8) structures, as well as their interactions with zinc sulphide (ZnS) and zinc (Zn). The calculations included the determination of molecular geometry, contour density maps, electrostatic potential surfaces, spectra, HOMO and LUMO energies, band gap, dipole moment, polarizability, point group symmetry, and three states (DOS). The results showed that the interaction between (6Cu2O/C17) and (Zn, ZnS) led to a clear charge transfer and exchange, which was reflected in the density and electrostatic potential maps. The structures (6Cu2O/C17), (6Cu2O/C17–Zn), and (6Cu2O/C17–ZnS) also revealed narrow band gaps (~0.3 eV), which enhances their thermoelectric properties. Furthermore, interaction with ZnS increased the dipole moment from (2.99 Debye) to (15.33 Debye), indicating its potential for use in high dielectric materials. The (4Cu2O/C8) structure showed Cs group symmetry, which makes it important for optical applications. DOS maps also showed the emergence of new energy states resulting from interaction with Zn and ZnS. These results demonstrate that the studied nanostructures possess promising electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties, qualifying them for practical applications in energy conversion and advanced device fabrication.
DFT, Symmetry, Dipole moment, Copper (I) oxide, Zinc sulfide.
The Impact of Disease Activity on Hematological Parameters among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
<a href="ABSTRACT:Background: “Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder primarily marked by persistent inflammation of the synovial joints, often accompanied by extra-articular involvement that can affect multiple organ systems. Although extensive research has investigated inflammatory and hematological parameters among Iraqi RA patients, there is still a significant gap in region-specific data, particularly concerning patients from Anbar Governorate.Objectives: “This investigation sought to assess and compare the concentrations of key inflammatory and immunological markers—including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (Anti-CCP) antibodies, white blood cell (WBC) count, as well as interleukins IL-17 and IL-21—between patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals residing in Anbar, Iraq. Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 50 RA patients and 40 healthy controls. Hematological and immunological markers (ESR, CRP, RF, Anti-CCP, WBC) were measured using routine laboratory techniques, while IL-17 and IL-21 were quantified using ELISA. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Results:RA patients demonstrated significantly elevated ESR and CRP levels compared to controls (P < 0.001). RF and Anti-CCP were exclusively positive in patients, with none of the controls testing positive (P < 0.001), indicating strong diagnostic value. WBC, IL-17, and IL-21 levels showed no statistically significant differences, although patients exhibited a mild non-significant increase Conclusion:ESR, CRP, RF, and Anti-CCP proved to be highly informative markers for differentiating RA patients from healthy individuals. Conversely, WBC, IL-17, and IL-21 demonstrated limited value when used alone.">ABSTRACT:Background: “Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder primarily marked by persistent inflammation of the synovial joints, often accompanied by extra-articular involvement that can affect multiple organ systems. Although extensive research has investigated inflammatory and hematological parameters among Iraqi RA patients, there is still a significant gap in region-specific data, particularly concerning patients from Anbar Governorate.Objectives: “This investigation sought to assess and compare the concentrations of key inflammatory and immunological markers—including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (Anti-CCP) antibodies, white blood cell (WBC) count, as well as interleukins IL-17 and IL-21—between patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals residing in Anbar, Iraq. Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 50 RA patients and 40 healthy controls. Hematological and immunological markers (ESR, CRP, RF, Anti-CCP, WBC) were measured using routine laboratory techniques, while IL-17 and IL-21 were quantified using ELISA. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Results:RA patients demonstrated significantly elevated ESR and CRP levels compared to controls (P < 0.001). RF and Anti-CCP were exclusively positive in patients, with none of the controls testing positive (P < 0.001), indicating strong diagnostic value. WBC, IL-17, and IL-21 levels showed no statistically significant differences, although patients exhibited a mild non-significant increase Conclusion:ESR, CRP, RF, and Anti-CCP proved to be highly informative markers for differentiating RA patients from healthy individuals. Conversely, WBC, IL-17, and IL-21 demonstrated limited value when used alone.
Studying the electronic properties of the overlap between (Gallium Arsenic/Titanium Oxide) nanoclusters and (fluorine, Zinc) impurities through DFT
In this study, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted using the B3LYP hybrid functional with the 6-31G basis set. The computational procedures have been implemented via the Gaussian 09 software package to find out the molecular geometries, electrostatic potential surfaces, contour density maps, infrared spectroscopy (IR) diagnostics, density of states (DOS) schematics, and symmetry of the nanoclusters (4GaAs/2Ti₂O₃), (6GaAs/2Ti₂O₃), (4GaAs/2Ti₂O₃)-4Zn, (4GaAs/2Ti₂O₃-)4F, (6GaAs/2Ti₂O₃)-4Zn and (6GaAs/2Ti₂O₃)-4F. The electronic characteristics: HOMO energy, LUMO energy, band gap (Eg), dipole moment, polarizability, electronegativity, and electrophilicity have been evaluated for the nanoclusters under study. The contour density maps revealed the active regions in the molecular system after the overlap between the hybrid nanoclusters (GaAs/Ti₂O₃) and the impurities (fluorine, zinc). One can visualize that the (4GaAs/2Ti₂O₃)-4Zn nanocluster exhibited a band gap approximately to (0.699 eV), which is comparable to that of gallium antimonide (GaSb), which hasan energy gap of approximately (0.7 eV), indicating its potential suitability for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems, laser diodes, and transistor devices. Furthermore, the symmetry demonstrated that the hybrid nanocluster (4GaAs/2Ti2O3) has the point group symmetry (Cs/C1), but after the interaction with the impurities fluorine and zinc, the symmetry becomes (C1). Symmetry merit plays a vital role in optics in physics, especially the optical activity and influence on electronic transition probabilities. The doping by the impurities zinc and fluorine atoms leads to the emergence of new energy states, and this is very apparent in the diagrams of the density of states.
DFT; DOS; infrared spectra; Energy gap; Hybrid nanoclusters
Candida albicans in Association with Pathogenic Bacteria to Form Mono and Polymicrobial Biofilms
Abstract Biofilm formation by the accumulation of various pathogens may be responsible for chronic and acute human infections. This research aimed to explain the role of Candida albicans in biofilm formation with pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples. Ninety clinical samples were collected to isolate pathogenic bacteria and Candida albicans. The isolation and identification of these pathogens were performed using selective media and the VITEK 2 system. Flat-bottom microtiter plates were used to evaluate the ability of all isolates to form biofilms in case of monomicrobial and polymicrobial species. Three pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (n=8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=8), and Escherichia coli (n=4), as well as C. albicans (n=20), were isolated. All isolates were submitted to evaluate their ability to form monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms. In the case of monomicrobial species, C. albicans (100%) and bacterial species (80%) showed a high percentage of biofilm formation. However, C. albicans was prepared to make an adherence phase for each one of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. In this experiment, all bacterial isolates improved their ability to form polymicrobial biofilms. in contrast, some bacterial isolates reduce their ability for forming polymicrobial biofilms if bacterial isolates are used as an adherence phase. In conclusion, the replacement of adherence phase of the polymicrobial biofilm causes either an increase or a decrease in the ability of organism to form a biofilm when compared to monomicrobial biofilms.
Biofilm, monospecies biofilm, multispecies biofilm, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans
Assessment of Some Biochemical Markers (Protein Levels, Hepatic Enzymes, Calcium, and Iron) Status in Patients of Diabetic Nephropathy in Thi-Qar/ Iraq
Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease that develops as a complication of diabetes, and it is issociated with renal impairment with increasing age. Renal impairment among diabetic individuals can be detected using serum markers of glomerular filtration rate and microalbuminuria. This study was carried out at AL-Hussein Hospital and Consulting Laboratories .The study period extended from October 2024 to January 2025. aiming to assess the biochemical changes in kidney failure patients with and without diabetes. Based on the results, it was noted that diabetic patients had higher levels of total protein and lower levels of albumin compared to the healthy control group. Additionally, patients with diabetic nephropathy had elevated levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP) ,and calcium. A noticeable lower iron levels were observed in both diabetic and diabetic nephropathy groups compared to the healthy control group.
Comparative Assessment of Immunological, Hematological, and Serological Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients: A Matched Case-Control Study
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with systemic complications, including hematological and immunological alterations. This study aimed to assess differences in hematological and serological parameters between patients with T2DM and matched non-diabetic controls. A case-control study with matching was conducted between November 17, 2024, and February 2, 2025, at Smart Health Tower–Raparin, Ranya City. There were 176 participants, with 88 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 88 matched healthy controls. Comparative hematological and biochemical marker measurements between the groups were made using the Mann–Whitney U test. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to estimate the correlation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-31 with different laboratory markers. The chi-square and Fisher tests were used to compare the frequency distribution of abnormalities in the blood film. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. T2DM patients had significantly higher levels of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, CRP, ESR, ICAM-1, IL-31, ferritin, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, VLDL, and lower HDL (all p < 0.01). Morphological abnormalities were significantly more frequent among diabetics. IL-31 showed strong positive correlations with HbA1c (r = 0.68), glucose (r = 0.56), CRP (r = 0.45), and ESR (r = 0.30) (all p < 0.01). ICAM-1 was not significantly correlated with other measured parameters. T2DM is associated with significant hematological and biochemical alterations, including elevated inflammatory markers and abnormal red cell morphology. Regular monitoring of these parameters may aid in the early detection and management of diabetes-related complications.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)
Hospital-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus in Thi-Qar Governorate: A Molecular and Epidemiological Perspective
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic strain of bacteria, that resists multiple multi-antibiotics used for common bacterial infections. Most S. aureus infections occur among people consulting hospitals or other healthcare settings such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. This study aimed to molecularly identify S. aureus strains associated with nosocomial infections in hospitals of Thi-Qar. A total of 100 samples were collected from various locations in three hospitals in Thi-Qar Governorate. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was utilized to assay the presence of S. aureus via 16S rRNA gene. The study population consisted of both male and female patients, with a male predominance (82% males vs. 18% females), showing statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.01). The highest frequency of isolates (65%) was observed in the 21–31 age group, which also demonstrated a significant difference compared to other age groups. The PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was successfully submitted to GenBank and assigned the accession numbers LC866513, LC866514, and LC866515. Phylogenetic analysis using MEGA-10 software revealed distinct molecular relationships between the local S. aureus isolates and genetically related strains from various regions worldwide. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights that could inform and enhance infection control practices, thereby contributing to the mitigation of disease transmission within healthcare environments.
Molecular and Serological Detection of Helicobacter Pylori Bacteria in Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Helicobacter pylori is closely associated with gastrointestinal diseases, which are among the most common health problems worldwide. This study aimed to detect H. pylori using serological and molecular diagnostic methods to enhance the accuracy and reliability of testing. Samples were collected from the Digestive System Center/Imam Hussein Teaching Hospital in Thi Qar between October 2024 and March 2025. These included 115 patients of both sexes and ages with gastrointestinal diseases. Serological and molecular tests were performed to detect H. pylori. 45 stool samples were collected; antigen testing was performed, and 20 samples (44.4%) were positive. These samples were then molecularly diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with the following results: H. pylori infection was diagnosed using PCR targeting 16sRNA in 3 out of 20 stool samples (15%). The diagnosis was also confirmed by detecting the virulence factors VacAs1/s2 and CagA, with VacAs1/s2 detected in 3(100%) and CagA in 2(66.66%) patients with gastrointestinal disease. Seventy blood samples were collected, and the H. pylori detection rate using antibody testing was 31(44.28%). The results of this study demonstrated that combining serological and molecular diagnostic methods improves the accuracy of H. pylori detection in patients.
Helicobacter pylori, PcR ,VacA,CagA,Serological tests
Novel Drug Sensing: Properties and Applications of Amiloride Hydrochloride Membrane
The influence of possible interfering species, such as common inorganic cations, was studied. The construction and electrochemical response characteristics for Amiloride Hydrochloride are described by two electrodes that were prepared based on (Amiloride Hydrochloride, Bromophenol blue as ion pair complex in a PVC matrix and plasticized by two plasticizers, Tri-butyl phosphate (Tri-BP) and Acetophenone (APh). (D1 and D2) are Amiloride Hydrochloride electrodes gave slopes (52.697 and 50.893mV/decade) and the linear range from (10-4-10-2M) for D1and (3*10-4-10-2M) for D2 electrodes. Based on Tri-BP plasticizer, the best electrode (D1) had a slope of 52.697 mV/decade, a detection limit (5×10-6M), a correlation coefficient (0.9997), and a 13-day lifespan. The suggested electrode was used to measure the amount of amiloride hydrochloride in pharmaceutical samples and showed high stability and repeatability. The electrodes were used for the determination of the drug in tablets by potentiometric analysis.
Prevalence and Identification of Enterobacter cloacae from Clinical Samples in Thi-Qar
Enterobacter cloacae is an opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with a wide range of clinical infections. Given the increasing prevalence of this bacterium and the limited information available on its virulence factors in Iraq, further investigation is warranted. This study aimed to analyze various clinical samples, accurately identify the presence of E. cloacae using diverse analytical methods, and confirm the findings through advanced diagnostic systems. A total of 200 clinical specimens were collected from hospitals and diagnostic laboratories in Thi-Qar province. Bacterial identification was carried out using morphological and biochemical methods, as well as automated systems such as API 20E and VITEK-2. Out of the 200 samples, 30 (15%) were confirmed to be E. cloacae. The prevalence showed no significant gender difference, with equal distribution between males and females (50% each). The highest infection rate (40%) was observed in the 20–30-year age group. Blood and wound specimens exhibited the highest isolation rate (33.33%), while stool samples showed the lowest (10%). This study emphasizes the clinical relevance of E. cloacae infections in Thi-Qar, particularly among younger individuals and patients presenting with blood or wound infections. The use of automated diagnostic tools proved essential for accurate bacterial identification.
A Study on the Relationship Between Vitamin B12 Levels and Lipid Profile in Serum of Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Dyslipidemia in Thi Qar Province, Iraq
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin B12 concentrations and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. We conducted this study in Thi Qar Province, Iraq, during the late summer and early fall of 2023. The investigation included 50 patients with confirmed type 2 diabetes and a comparison group of 50 healthy volunteers who helped establish baseline values. The findings were quite revealing that patients dealing with dyslipidemia showed much higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL levels than our control group (P≤0.05). Conversely, HDL cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in this group (P≤0.05). we also noticed that Type 2 diabetics with dyslipidemia had considerably worse lipid profiles compared to those with normal lipid measurements. We found a relationship between vitamin B12 levels and abnormal lipid patterns in the dyslipidemia group. These findings suggest that monitoring vitamin B12 status should be considered as part of comprehensive lipid management strategies in type 2 diabetic patients. Our findings open doors to potential new treatment approaches, as B12 deficiency might be playing a significant role in lipid disorders among Type 2 diabetics - something that's often overlooked in current treatment protocols.
Studies on Some Heavy Metals Removal inIndustrial and Drinking Water: A review
In order to learn many new concepts and details in our field of study, we analyzed and investigated a number of prior studies in this work. The majority of these studies were conducted within the last five years, and they covered techniques for removing heavy metals from aqueous media by measuring various physical and chemical properties like initial concentration pH, and how these properties affect heavy metals in this study, we used heavy metals like Copper, Zinc, and Lead. Zn = 80.7% in sewage water, Cu = 97.10% in drinking water, and lead (Pb) = 100% in industrial medium. Natural zeolite was the most effective adsorbent material utilized in the removal procedure, along with silica and live bacteria. Adsorbents are used to remove heavy metals from aquatic media. The effectiveness of these materials in removing these heavy metals from polluted water has been confirmed. This removal is done according to certain conditions, such as pH, temperature, etc., and the removal efficiency varies from one metal to another. This is what we will confirm in this chapter by discussing various references and modern scientific articles in which heavy metals were investigated from polluted water using different adsorbent materials.
Drinking Water, Pollution, groundwater, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Toxic ions.
Evaluation of Chemokine Ligand 4 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 as Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Serum of Patients with Cataracts
Cataracts are a progressive health issue with significant implications for individuals and public health systems. They are considered a critical global health issue, particularly affecting older adults. MMP-2 and CCL4 are both chemokines that are known to play a critical role in inflammation and tissue remodeling. The collected data were analysed by using SPSS and visualization tools. Our results indicate a significant correlation between MMP-2 and CCL4 among cataract patients. There is a substantial relationship between MMP-2 and other factors, such as gender and residency state, unlike CCL4. No significant correlation exists between the two serum biomarkers (MMP-2 and CCL4) and smoking cataract patients. By exploring the expression of MMP-2 and CCL4, this study aims to enhance cataract pathophysiology and identify inflammatory biomarkers associated with cataract progression. measuring serum levels of MMP-2 and CCL4 in cataract patients to assess their role in tissue remodeling, inflammation, and post-operative complications.
Evaluation of INFγ in serum of Crohn’s patients by using ELISA technique
Crohn’s disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder that can cause gradual intestinal damage and an impairment. CD can affect people of all ages, from children to the elderly, and can causes a considerable morbidity and reduce the quality of life. The main aim of this study was to explore the serum level and evaluate the predictive role of immunological parameters of Interferon gamma (INF-γ) for the detection of an active disease in Crohn’s patient. The current investigation, 70 blood samples acquired from Crohn's disease patients and 70 apparently healthy individuals were used. A sandwich ELISA kit (No: E-EL-H0108) U.S.A. was used to determine serum levels of INF-γ that contribute to disease progression. A total of 140 samples (70 cases and 70 controls) were collected in a 1:1 ratio, with each participant was screened base on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study encourages employing INF-γ as a predictive biomarker for Crohn’s disease.
Study of the structural and Electrical properties of cadmium selenide Doped With zinc in Different proprtions
Three samples of pure CdSe doped with zinc (4% and 8%) were prepared by the slow cooling method at 325°C and pressed into discs. The structural properties of the prepared samples were studied using XRD. It was found that the structure was cubic and polycrystalline, as the crystallization phase did not change as a result of doping with zinc. Using a Senko fluorescence spectrometer, the fluorescence spectrum of the prepared samples was studied, and it was observed that the intensity of fluorescence increases with zinc doping ratio due to the appearance of two peaks at 631.8nm and 704.9nm. By studying the electrical properties (I-V) of the prepared samples, it was observed that there is an improvement in the electrical conductivity of the compound (CdSe) after doping it with zinc, and from calculating the activation energy (Ea) of the samples, it was found that it decreases with increasing zinc doping ratio in order to form impurity levels above the energy gap.
CdSe, Zinc doping, slow cooling, XRD, optical properties, fluorescence
Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles at various pH values and temperatures by applying green chemistry using Bardi plant (Typha domingensis)
In the field of materials science, "green" synthesis has received significant attention as a reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly method for producing diverse materials and nanomaterials, such as hybrid materials, bioinspired materials, and metal/metal oxide nanomaterials. Green synthesis is a crucial tool for mitigating the harmful effects of conventional nanoparticle synthesis techniques widely used in laboratories and industry. In this study, we provide an overview of the basic procedures and mechanisms of action of "green" synthesis methods, specifically for metal nanoparticles and metal oxides such as copper oxide (CuO), made using natural extracts. Key phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, serve as solvent systems and reducing agents. The synthesized nanoparticles were examined using several techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. UV–vis: The best results were obtained at 70 °C and pH 9 and pH10,45 ℃. Spectroscopic analysis of the synthesized copper solution showed an absorption peak at 242 nm. XRD spectra of the biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles yielded a series of diffraction peaks at 2θ angles, which correspond to the h, k, and l values of the reflections. SEM revealed that the resulting copper oxide particles had a spherical shape, with an average particle size ranging from 32 to 65 nm. This study aimed to produce nanoparticles using green methods using the aqueous extract of Typha domingensis at low cost and low toxicity.
nanoparticles; copper nanoparticles; SEM; XRD; UV-visible; Typha domingensis
DFT Study in Strain Engineering HfSe2 Nanosheets for Sensing SO2, SOF2, and SO2F2 Gases
Strain engineering is a technique of tuning a material's properties by modifying its mechanical or structural characteristics. Using first-principles calculations, the strain impact on the electronic structure of layered HfSe2 nanosheets has been studied to examine the sensing capabilities of the layered HfSe2 nanosheets to three SF6 decomposition compounds (SO2, SO2F2, and SOF2). With biaxial strain, the band gap of the surfaces under discussion expands with tensile up to 1% and gradually decreases for strains between −1% and −5%. Additionally, our findings demonstrate that biaxial strains have a significant impact on the electronic characteristics, adsorption energy (Ead), and desorption time of SO2, SOF2, and SO2F2 adsorbed HfSe2 systems. The highest adsorption impact of SO2, SOF2, and SO2F2 on the bilayer of HfSe2 occurred at a compressive strain of −5%, with the Ead determined as −1.34, −1.27, and −1.31 eV, respectively. These external factors are widely preferred and offer a workable solution for tunable HfSe2-based gas sensors and electrical devices under biaxial compressive strain.
Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of Para-amino benzoic acid in pharmaceutical preparation by diazotization-coupling reaction
Modest and delicate kinetic approaches are industrialized used for the resolve of Para-amino benzoic acid in unadulterated form and in pharmaceutical measures. The process is based on diazotization of benzoic acid and coupling with 1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzene in natural medium to form a brown-reddish water-soluble azo dye, that has a maximum absorption at 446nm. We used the constant time method (15 minutes) with an initial rate of speed as a reference. We also scrutinized the reaction kinetics and determined the most favorable conditions for studying the reaction kinetics in 15 minutes. Drug kinetics were calculated from the linear drug kinetics using a calibration curve, with the initial velocity rate method and constant time method both having the concentration range (1*10-4-1*10-5 M). Pharmaceutical preparations utilized effortless methods to determine (PABA) using workable techniques.
Keywords—PAPA; Spectrophotometric; Kinetic; 1,2,3Trihydroxybenzen; Diazotization-Coupling Reaction
Effect of Dapagliflozin on Oxidative Stress in Patients with Heart Failure
Dapagliflozin has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and concomitant heart failure (HF).The present study aims to investigate the impacts of dapagliflozin on some oxidative stress markers, including nitric oxide (NO) , fasting blood glucose (FBG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), in patients with HF in comparison with healthy controls. The study included 150 participants : 100 patients who had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and HF, and 50 normal subjects (controls). Based on age, the patients were divided into two groups (40-70 years). Group A received both Lasix and Dapagliflozin , whereas Group B received Lasix only. According to the data, serum FBG and GAL-3 concentrations in groups A and B were significantily higher than those in the control (p≤ 0.05 ). In comparison to the controls, groups A and B showed a significant decrease in serum CAT, SOD, and NO concentrations( p≤ 0.05). There was no been any significant difference in serum concentration of Gal3, FBG, CAT, SOD, and NO between groups A and B upon admission, according to the results. Significant differences were observed in the concentrations of serum Gal3, FBG, CAT, SOD, and NO between groups A and B at 7 days. Additionally, patients in groups A and B had significantly lower serum Gal3 and FBG concentrations than on the day of baseline, and patients in groups Aand B had significantly higher serum CAT, SOD
Enhancement of Ethanol Separation from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption Technique
Because of the huge industrial development and the high dependency on fossil fuel leading to high air pollution which causes a variety diseases such as respiratory diseases and disaster of global warming all these severe results encourage the researchers to figure out an alternative fuel which has a low environmental impact, the promised one is the bioethanol. The basic process to produce bioethanol is the fermentation for biomass, the most challenging of this process is the separation of bioethanol. This work concerns with modification of bioethanol separation from simulation aqueous solution of the fermentation by adsorption method. The study assesses different types of the feedstock of the fermentation as adsorbents based on the selectivity and capacity. The capacity values via water for yellow corn, wheat bran, rice straw and wheat straw were 0.24, 0.28, 0.15 and 0.14 respectively, and the selectivity values via water were 4, 2, 3, and 2.2 respectively. The first ethanol separation stage of adsorption (after the fermenter) used sepabeads207 to purify ethanol from 10 wt% to 50 wt% used in previous study. In this study, the second separation stage was established including crushed y-corn and wheat bran ethanol purity of ~60wt%. The third separation step used y-corn and rice straw to introduce a bioethanol ratio for ~70wt%.
Adsorption, ethanol, crushed corn, wheat bran, rice straw, wheat straw
Enhancing and utilizing the Production of Keratinase Enzymes from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for the Recycling of Feather Waste
The use of the microbial keratinase enzyme to remediate keratinous waste is an attractive approach in green processing and biotechnology, aiming to eliminate waste accumulation in the environment and recycle it into economical or nutritional products. This study aims to enhance the environmental and nutritional conditions of the growth medium for a keratinolytic bacterium isolated from the soil of a poultry farm in Basrah Province, Iraq, to increase its keratinase production. Subsequently, the keratinase will be used to convert feathers into a poultry feed supplement (feather meal). In the present study, the bacterial isolate was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain 19E2. The optimal conditions for keratinase enzyme production were determined by evaluating various factors, including temperature, pH, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and inoculum size. The keratinase activity before optimizing the environmental and nutritional conditions was measured at 42.1 U, after applying the best at 37°C, pH 8, tryptone as the preferred nitrogen source, glucose as the preferred carbon source, and an inoculum size of 1 ml during a 48-hour incubation period, the keratinase activity increased to 129.3 U. This Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain 19E2 was then utilized to convert 25 g of feathers into 8 g of feather meal, which was tested by FTIR and found to be a rich source of amino acids and short peptides for use as a nutritional supplement.
Insecticide Resistance in Agricultural Pests: Mechanisms, Case Studies, and Future Directions
Pesticide resistance is an escalating global challenge that threatens agricultural productivity, food security, and the sustainability of pest control methods. Over 600 insect species have developed resistance, compromising the effectiveness of chemical controls and exacerbating pest outbreaks. Species such as Helicoverpa armigera and Bemisia tabaci serve as prominent examples of pests displaying this growing resistance problem. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of pesticide resistance in key agricultural pests, identify the major contributing factors, assess the effectiveness of current management strategies, and examine potential future tools and technologies for combating resistance. The study integrates data from global case studies, specifically focusing on Helicoverpa armigera in India and Bemisia tabaci in China. It also synthesizes information on various resistance mechanisms, including metabolic, target-site, penetration, and behavioral processes. Several resistance management strategies, such as pesticide rotation, integrated pest management (IPM), and refuge policies, are evaluated for their effectiveness. Metabolic and target-site resistance mechanisms are particularly prevalent in resistant insect populations. Contributing factors include overuse of single pesticide classes, sub-lethal dosages, inadequate treatment regimens, and monoculture farming. IPM and pesticide rotation employing different modes of action are among the most effective current strategies. Emerging technologies RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR gene editing , offer promising new approaches. Addressing pesticide resistance requires a comprehensive, multi-faceted strategy that incorporates genetic tools, real-time monitoring, biopesticide development, and stronger regulatory frameworks. International cooperation, farmer education, and scientifically informed policies will be critical to future success.
Analysis of Physical Properties and Evaluation of Heavy Element Concentrations in Euphrates River’s Fish in Nasiriyah City
Environmental pollution is one of the most prominent problems that facing the world at the present time. The current study was conducted on the Euphrates River in the center of Nasiriyah city during the period time from September 2023 to Marsh 2024. Three locations were used in this study. The length of the river and some physical and chemical parameters of the water were studied. The temperature of the water and air was measured, in addition to the distribution of four heavy metals in fish. The current results were showed that the air temperature increased significantly in the third water position, and decreased significantly in the other water position, the water temperature increased significantly in the first water position, while decreased significantly in the other water positions. In contrast, the level of Neutrophil increased significantly in the second water position and decreased in the first water position at p. value < 0.05. The current results were showed a significant increase in the level of both Cd and Pb in muscle compared with gills, while the level of both Zn and Cu decreased significantly in muscle compared with gills. The study also recorded a significant difference at p. value < 0.05 in the level of trace elements between muscles and gills of fish during summer. The current results showed a significant increase in the level of all involved trace elements (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) in gills of fish comparing with muscles of fish during winter